Dallol

Dallol.....


Dallol is an interesting volcano in Ethiopia.


It was shown on the program “ The Hottest Place on earth”

It is an explosion crater in the Danakill depression- northeast of Erta Ale. It has been formed by the intrusion of basaltic magma into the Miocene salt deposits and the subsequent hydrothermal activity.

Phreatic eruptions-

(also known as ultravulcanian eruptions occurs when magma heats ground or surface water- the temperature of the magma causes near instantaneous evaporation to steam that results in an explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs)

These occurred in 1926- this formed the crater and the crater and the other craters that dot the nearby salt flats,

Numerous hot springs are discharging brine and acidic liquid here. Widespread are small, temporary geysers which are forming cones of salt.

The term Dallol was coined by the Afar people and means dissolution or disintegration describing a landscape made up of green acid ponds (pH-values less than 1) iron oxide, sulfur and salt desert plains. The area resembles the hot springs areas of Yellowstone Park.

Sorry about the length of this post but it is a stop gap while I work on a longer more interesting one!!

The Eye Of The Sahara

Eye of the Sahara (Mauritania)The eye is located in central Mauritania near Ouadane. This structure is a deeply eroded, slightly elliptical, 40-km in diameter, dome. The sedimentary rock exposed in this dome range in age from Late Proterozoic within the center of the dome to Ordovician sandstone around its edges. The sedimentary rocks comprising this structure dip outward at 10°-20°.

Differential erosion of resistant layers of quartzite has created high-relief circular cuestas. Its center consists of a siliceous breccia covering an area that is at least 3 km in diameter.

Exposed within the interior of the Richat structure are a variety of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. They include Rhyolitic volcanic rocks, gabbros, carbonatites and kimberlites. The Rhyolitic rocks consist of lava flows and hydrothermally altered tuffaceous rocks that are part of two distinct two eruptive centers, which are interpreted to be the eroded remains of two maars.

According to field mapping and aeromagnetic data, the gabbroic rocks form two concentric ring dikes. The inner ring dike is about 20 m in width and lies about 3 km from the center of Richat Structure. The outer ring dike is about 50 m in width and lies about 7 to 8 km from the center of this structure.

Thirty-two carbonatite dikes and sills have been mapped within the Richat structure. The dikes are generally about 300 m long and typically 1 to 4 m wide. They consist of massive carbonatites that are mostly devoid of vesicles. The carbonatite rocks have been dated as having cooled between 94 to 104 million years ago.

A kimberlitic plug and several sills have been found within the northern part of the Richat structure. The kimberlite plug has been dated being about 99 million years old. These intrusive igneous rocks are interpreted as indicating the presence of a large alkaline igneous intrusion that currently underlies the Richat structure and created it by uplifting the overlying rock.
Spectacular hydrothermal features are a part of the Richat structure. They include the extensive hydrothermal alteration of rhyolites and gabbros and a central megabreccia created by hydrothermal dissolution and collapse.

The siliceous megabreccia is at least 40 m thick in its center to only a few meters thick along its edges. The breccia consists of fragments of white to dark gray cherty material, quartz-rich sandstone, diagenetic cherty nodules, and stromatolitic limestone and is intensively silicified. The hydrothermal alteration, which created this breccia, has been dated to have occurred about 98.2 ± 2.6 million years ago using the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar method.

Initially interpreted as an asteroid impact structure because of its high degree of circularity, it is now argued to be a highly symmetrical and deeply eroded geologic dome. Despite extensive field and laboratory studies, geologists have found a lack of any credible evidence forshock metamorphisam any type of deformation indicative of a hypervelocity extraterrestrial impact.
coesite, an indicator of shock metamorphism, had been reported as being present in rocks samples collected from the Richat structure.

As the result of the further analysis of rock samples from this structure, it was concluded that barite had been misidentified as coesite.
In addition, the Richat structure lacks the annular depression that characterizes large extraterrestrial impact structures of this size. Also, it is quite different from large extraterrestrial impact structures in that the sedimentary strata comprising this structure is remarkably intact and "orderly" and lacking in overturned, steeply-dipping strata or disoriented blocks.

A more recent multianalytical study on the Richat mega breccias concluded that carbonates within the silica-rich mega breccias were created by low-temperature hydrothermal waters, and that the structure requires special protection and further investigation of its origin.